1. Izakhiwo zemishini: Lokhu kufaka phakathi ulwazi mayelana namandla e-alloy, ubulukhuni, i-decticity, kanye nobunzima. Kungafaka amanani afana namandla okugcina athambile, amandla okuthela, ukunwebeka, kanye nokumelana nomthelela. Izakhiwo ze-2.RetherMal: Lokhu kufaka phakathi ulwazi mayelana nokuvuselelwa kwe-Alloy, i-coefficient of thermal expression, nephuzu lokuncibilika. Lezi zakhiwo zibalulekile kwizicelo lapho kuqhubeka khona ukuhanjiswa kokushisa noma izinguquko zokushisa. 3.Fabrication Proceties: Lokhu kufaka phakathi imininingwane mayelana nokushaywa kwe-alloy, imishini, nokwakheka. Kubonisa ukuthi i-alloy ingabulwa kalula kanjani, ijoyine, noma icutshungulwe ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.